资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
加快实现高水平科技自立自强******
作者:彭绪庶(中国社会科学院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员、数量经济与技术研究所信息化与网络经济研究室主任)
党的二十大报告提出,“坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康,加快实现高水平科技自立自强”。科技自立自强是提升供给体系质量、保障产业链供应链安全的关键,能够为构建新发展格局、实现高质量发展提供战略支撑。目前,我国已经成为具有重要影响力的科技大国。到2035年,我国发展的总体目标包括“实现高水平科技自立自强,进入创新型国家前列”。
总体来看,我国实现高水平科技自立自强的条件基本具备。首先,我们党高度重视科技事业,为实现高水平科技自立自强提供了坚强保障。进入新时代,我们党坚持实施创新驱动发展战略、把科技自立自强作为国家发展的战略支撑。习近平总书记强调,立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展,必须深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略,完善国家创新体系,加快建设科技强国,实现高水平科技自立自强。其次,增加科技投入和加强基础设施建设,为实现高水平科技自立自强奠定了坚实物质基础。我国研发投入规模和投入强度连续多年保持稳定增长,科技人才质量稳步提升,重大科技基础设施布局建设不断推进。再次,科技创新实现突破性进展,为实现高水平科技自立自强奠定了坚实技术基础。近年来,我国科学论文数量和质量不断提高,基础研究、前沿研究和关键核心技术攻关能力取得巨大进步,知识创新和技术创新影响力均已跃居国际前列。
但还要看到,加快实现高水平科技自立自强,仍然面临诸多问题和挑战。如,研发投入规模总量不足,基础研究和企业支出占比较低,基础研究和原创性重大创新成果战略支撑作用不强,等等。
立足新发展阶段,需要制定更精准、更有效的政策措施,完善体制机制,探索有效路径,加快实现高水平科技自立自强。
其一,完善战略性、全局性和系统性创新布局。实现高水平科技自立自强是长期目标,不可能一蹴而就,也难以靠短期突击实现。要加快在“卡脖子”领域补齐短板,在并跑、领跑和优势领域锻造长板,坚持关键技术攻关和基础研究并重。既要立足当前,着力攻关和破解制约发展的“卡脖子”技术等紧迫问题,也要着眼长远,找准发挥新型举国体制优势实现更多重大突破的路径,加强基础科学和前沿科技等“无人区”领域创新顶层设计,探索建立需求导向型创新、任务目标型创新和兴趣导向型创新相结合的创新模式。
其二,为科技攻关提供组织保障和人才保障。实现高水平科技自立自强,不仅要啃下“卡脖子”技术等硬骨头,还必须在颠覆性技术领域走在国际前列。这就必须要有适应科技发展趋势的国家重点实验室、综合性国家科学中心、国家高端智库,以及高水平新型研究型大学和科技领军企业。要强化国家战略科技力量,完善空间布局,加强投入和领军人才队伍建设,提高重大科技任务的攻坚能力。
其三,在科技体制改革“深水区”加力攻坚。改革是点燃科技创新引擎的点火系。解决研发经费投入和执行结构不合理、效益不佳等问题,完善科技成果和科技人才评价制度,强化企业创新主体地位,都需要在制度安排、政策保障、环境营造等方面下真功夫。只有通过深化体制改革,完善科技自立自强的制度保障,才能真正形成科技创新和制度创新“双轮驱动”效应。
其四,加强创新链产业链融合发展。要消除基础研究与应用脱节、科研与经济“两张皮”现象,提高科技创新质量和效率。既要重视科技成果转化,打通从科学研究到开发研究再到应用的链条,同时也要强化需求导向和市场导向,围绕产业链布局创新链,让市场在创新资源配置中起决定性作用,促进产业链上下游、大中小企业等的深度融合,形成科技创新合力。
其五,加强国际科技合作。开放创新是当今科技创新的趋势和实现高水平科技自立自强的必然选择。一方面,要发挥我国产业体系健全完备、供应链保障水平高的优势,深化供给侧结构性改革,发挥超大规模市场优势,形成对全球要素资源的强大吸引力。另一方面,也要主动“走出去”,积极参与全球科技创新治理,全方位、多角度探索国际科技合作新路径新模式。
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)